Perspectives on Ensifentrine and Its Therapeutic Potential in the Treatment of COPD: Evidence to Date.

Ensifentrine is a novel inhalational phosphodiesterase (PDE)3 and PDE4 inhibitor which improves bronchodilation and decreases inflammatory markers by acting locally on the bronchial tissue, with minimal systemic effects. Both preclinical and clinical trials have demonstrated benefits of this therapy, including improvement in lung function and reduction in exacerbations. This therapy is currently under review by the US Food and Drug Administration with a decision expected in 2024.

Precision medicine in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: how far have we come?

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: In this review, we will discuss the current status and recent developments in precision medicine in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) through the lens of treatable traits. RECENT FINDINGS: Although the term 'treatable traits' in the treatment of COPD is relatively recent, this concept has been used for many years if one considers interventions such as long-term oxygen therapy or alpha-1 antitrypsin replacement therapy. Recent advances have included expanding the definition of COPD to include a broader population of people with lower respiratory disease but not meeting the strict criteria for obstruction, advances in imaging to aid in the diagnosis and treatment of COPD, advances in understanding symptoms and exacerbations to define severity, using biomarkers to guide therapy and better understanding and addressing polymorbidity and frailty. In addition, there is a concerted effort to use these concepts to identify COPD patients earlier in the disease process wherein disease modification may be possible. SUMMARY: Focusing on subsets of patients with COPD with certain characteristics should lead to better outcomes and fewer adverse effects from treatment. VIDEO ABSTRACT: http://links.lww.com/COPM/A30.

Balancing Demands: Determinants of Burnout Reported by Fellows in Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine.

Background: Burnout is common among physicians who care for critically ill patients and is known to contribute to worse patient outcomes. Fellows training in pulmonary and critical care medicine (PCCM) have risk factors that make them susceptible to burnout; for example, clinical environments that require increased intellectual and emotional demands with long hours. The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education has recognized the increasing importance of trainee burnout and encourages training programs to address burnout. Objective: To assess factors related to training and practice that posed a threat to the well-being among fellows training in PCCM and to obtain suggestions regarding how programs can improve fellow well-being. Methods: We conducted a qualitative content analysis of data collected from a prior cross-sectional electronic survey with free-response questions of fellows enrolled in pulmonary, PCCM, and critical care medicine training programs in the United States. Fellows were asked what factors posed a threat to their well-being and what changes their training program could implement. Responses were qualitatively coded and categorized into themes using thematic analysis. Results: A total of 427 fellows (44% of survey respondents) completed at least one free-response question. The majority of respondents (60%) identified as male and white/non-Hispanic (59%). The threats to well-being and burnout were grouped into five themes: clinical burden, individual factors, team culture, limited autonomy, and program resources. Clinical burden was the most common threat discussed by fellows. Fellows highlighted factors contributing to burnout that specifically pertained to trainees including challenging interpersonal relationships with attending physicians and limited protected educational time. Fellows proposed solutions addressing clinical care, changes at the program or institution level, and organizational culture changes to improve well-being. Conclusion: This study provides insight into factors fellows report as contributors to burnout and decreased well-being in addition to investigating fellow-driven solutions toward improving well-being. These solutions may help pulmonary, PCCM, and critical care medicine program directors better address fellow well-being in the future.

Twelve tips for teaching in the ICU.

The intensive care unit (ICU) provides unique educational opportunities for both undergraduate and postgraduate learners, including procedural training, ventilator management guidance, complex communication scenarios, and didactic lectures on dynamic topics like multi-system organ failure. However, certain challenges are inherent in this setting that can make teaching difficult. Different trainee educational backgrounds, variability in disease states, time limitations and urgent patient care considerations highlight some challenges that limit teaching opportunities. The following twelve tips address these unique aspects of the ICU environment and provide strategies to optimize teaching. These tips focus on three main goals: creating an optimal learning environment, increasing learner engagement, and critically challenging learners.